The Invention of Race in the European Middle Ages

In The Invention of Race in the European Middle Ages Geraldine Heng questions the common assumption that the concepts of race and racisms only began in the modern era. Examining Europe''s encounters with Jews Muslims Africans Native Americans Mongols and the Romani (''Gypsies'') from the 12th through 15th centuries she shows how racial thinking racial law racial practices and racial phenomena existed in medieval Europe before a recognizable vocabulary of race emerged in the West. Analysing sources in a variety of media including stories maps statuary illustrations architectural features history saints'' lives religious commentary laws political and social institutions and literature she argues that religion - so much in play again today - enabled the positing of fundamental differences among humans that created strategic essentialisms to mark off human groups and populations for racialized treatment. Her ground-breaking study also shows how race figured in the emergence of homo europaeus and the identity of Western Europe in this time.