Natural and the Artefactual

In this book philosopher Keekok Lee challenges one of the central assumptions of contemporary environmentalism: that if we could reduce or eliminate pollution we could 'save' the planet without unduly disrupting our modern industrialized societies. Lee argues instead that the process of modernization with its attendant emphasis on technological innovation has fundamentally transformed 'nature' into just another manmade 'artefact.' Ultimately what needs to be determined is if nature has value above and beyond human considerations whether aesthetic spiritual or biological. This provocative book attempts to reconfigure environmental ethics positing the existence of two separate ontological categories-the 'natural' and the 'artefactual.' Natural entities be they organisms or inert matter are 'morally considerable' because they possess the ontological value of independence whereas artefacts are created by humans expressly to serve their own interests and ends.