The Power of Darkness

Leo Tolstoy Tolstoy also spelled Tolstoi Russian in full Lev Nikolayevich Graf (count) Tolstoy (born August 28 [September 9 New Style] 1828 Yasnaya Polyana Tula province Russian Empire--died November 7 [November 20] 1910 Astapovo Ryazan province) Russian author a master of realistic fiction and one of the worlds greatest novelists.Tolstoy is best known for his two longest works War and Peace (1865-69) and Anna Karenina (1875-77) which are commonly regarded as among the finest novels ever written. War and Peace in particular seems virtually to define this form for many readers and critics. Among Tolstoys shorter works The Death of Ivan Ilyich (1886) is usually classed among the best examples of the novella. Especially during his last three decades Tolstoy also achieved world renown as a moral and religious teacher. His doctrine of nonresistance to evil had an important influence on Gandhi. Although Tolstoys religious ideas no longer command the respect they once did interest in his life and personality has if anything increased over the years.Most readers will agree with the assessment of the 19th-century British poet and critic Matthew Arnold that a novel by Tolstoy is not a work of art but a piece of life; the Russian author Isaak Babel commented that if the world could write by itself it would write like Tolstoy. Critics of diverse schools have agreed that somehow Tolstoys works seem to elude all artifice. Most have stressed his ability to observe the smallest changes of consciousness and to record the slightest movements of the body. What another novelist would describe as a single act of consciousness Tolstoy convincingly breaks down into a series of infinitesimally small steps. According to the English writer Virginia Woolf who took for granted that Tolstoy was the greatest of all novelists these observational powers elicited a kind of fear in readers who wish to escape from the gaze which Tolstoy fixes on us. Those who visited Tolstoy as an old man also reported feelings of great discomfort when he appeared to understand their unspoken thoughts. It was commonplace to describe him as godlike in his powers and titanic in his struggles to escape the limitations of the human condition. Some viewed Tolstoy as the embodiment of nature and pure vitality others saw him as the incarnation of the worlds conscience but for almost all who knew him or read his works he was not just one of the greatest writers who ever lived but a living symbol of the search for lifes meaning. (britannica.com)