THE SECRET IN SALIVA

Saliva has gained significant attention as a diagnostic fluid due to its unique properties and advantages. Early diagnosis of diseases such as ovarian cancer and type 2 diabetes greatly improves patient outcomes yet many conditions go undetected until advanced stages. Traditionally diagnostic biomarkers-molecular indicators like DNA RNA and proteins-have been detected through blood and other invasive fluids. However saliva offers a non-invasive easily accessible and cost-effective alternative that reflects both systemic and local physiological states.Saliva is secreted by major glands-parotid submandibular and sublingual-and minor glands scattered throughout the oral mucosa. It is composed of 99% water along with various organic and inorganic substances including electrolytes enzymes mucins antimicrobial agents growth factors and hormones. These components contribute to a wide range of biological functions such as digestion taste lubrication tissue protection and microbial defense.