Still Small Voice

<p>Whereas Freud himself viewed conscience as one of the functions of the superego in<em> The Still Small Voice: Psychoanalytic Reflections on Guilt and Conscience</em> the author argues that superego and conscience are distinct mental functions and that therefore a fourth mental structure the conscience needs to be added to the psychoanalytic structural theory of the mind. He claims that while both conscience and superego originate in the so-called pre-oedipal phase of infant and child development they are comprised of contrasting and often conflicting identifications. The primary object still most often the mother is inevitably experienced as on the one hand nurturing and soothing and on the other as frustrating and persecuting. Conscience is formed in identification with the nurturer; the superego in identification with the aggressor. There is a principle of reciprocity at work in the human psyche: for love received one seeks to return love; for hate hate (the talion law). </p>