Thermal Physics

Thermal physics is a field of study that encompasses thermodynamics statistical mechanics and gas kinetic theory. It primarily focuses on systems with a large number of atoms examining the behavior of these systems in relation to heat and energy. While thermodynamics and statistical mechanics are often studied independently thermal physics seeks to integrate these two disciplines to provide a more comprehensive understanding of thermal phenomena.This book focuses on topics such as plasma modeling thermal physical properties and particle simulations in strong magnetic and electric fields. These areas are particularly important for understanding and designing fusion reactor systems. Thermal expansion is influenced by the interatomic bonding within crystals. In the case of polar dielectrics the compensatory nature of atom electronegativity results in a unique polar-sensitive structure. It is worth noting that negative thermal expansion where entropy improves as pressure increases is only possible in terms of configurational entropy. This phenomenon is observed in the ordering processes of polar bond structures. The findings from polar crystals have applications in semiconductors and microelectronics technologies. The mismatch between film and substrate lattice parameters can be utilized in various microelectronic processes. Polar crystals also exhibit unique thermal properties with heat-phonon waves showing significant dispersion on a nanoscale inhomogeneous structure. The thermal conductivity of polar-sensitive bonds is typically lower than that of pure-ionic or pure-covalent crystals which significantly affects heat transfer mechanisms in polar crystals.