Toxicology of Manganese Exposures

Manganese (Mn) is an essential trace element that is required for normal physiological processes in living systems including animals and humans. However both low and high levels of manganese in the body fluids and drinking water have been linked to notable unwanted health effects. The mechanisms modulating these health effects are not yet well understood. The book aims to synthesize findings regarding the Mn exposures mechanism of toxicity toxicokinetics and genetic polymorphism interactions and health effects. It also makes recommendations for further research. The book ultimately attempts to give an insight towards a better understanding of the essentiality toxicity mechanism of toxicity and health effects of the exposures to Mn leading to a possible reduction of Mn-exposure related health effects such as neurodevelopmental behavioral and neurodegenerative disorders morbidity and mortality.