Treatment of Petroleum Refinery Wastewater with Constructed Wetlands

<p>Pollution of waterbodies and the environment by petroleum industry is of particular concern in Nigeria. This problem can be addressed by the application of constructed wetlands (CWs) which is a nature-based system that is simple to construct have low operational and maintenance costs in terms of supply of energy and its periodic maintenance. </p><p>The application of CWs in Nigeria for polishing of petroleum refinery wastewater is an unprecedented research. This PhD thesis focused on some specific objectives which were characterization of treated secondary refinery wastewater design construction operation and monitoring of planted (<i>T. latifolia</i> <i>C. alternifolius </i>and <i>C. dactylon</i>) and unplanted vertical subsurface flow horizontal subsurface flow and hybrid CWs for the removal of suspended solids nutrients heavy metals organic matter and organic pollutants. The CWs effectively treated the petroleum contaminated wastewater to effluent compliance limits. </p><p>In this study <i>T</i>. <i>latifolia </i>planted CWs had consistently higher removal efficiencies for all the measured parameters than <i>C. alternifolius </i>and <i>C. dactylon </i>planted CW systems. Therefore in order to improve the wastewater quality discharged by Kaduna Refining and Petrochemical Company (KRPC) Nigeria meet stringent guidelines and protect the recipient streams installation of CWs at the effluent discharge point of KRPC is strongly recommended.</p>