Uncharted Waters: Expeditionary Operations and the Naval Component of Union Military Strategy in the Us Civil War 1861-1862

In May 1941 the German Luftwaffe conducted the first purely airborne invasion of an island in history. Although German airborne forces would seize the island of Crete, their operational objective, the operation was accomplished at great risk of failure and at great cost in personnel and resources due to the flawed application of operational art. Operation Mercury was an operational objective of opportunity following unexpectedly successful operations in Greece and Yugoslavia. With only three weeks to plan and prepare prior to execution, improvisation and compromise would characterize the attack. Although the operation ended in the seizure of Crete, the cost in lives and resources would prevent Hitler from ever again risking his airborne forces in a major airborne operation.This case study reviews the broad strategic setting surrounding the operation and provides an analysis contrasting German planning and preparation with execution through an examination of the operational factors of space, time, and force.