Vertical Root Fracture in Permanent Dentition

Vertical Root Fracture in Permanent Dentition has been observed in both vital and endodontically treated teeth. Difference in etiology pathogenesis fracture pattern exist all attributed to differences in root and canal feautres as described in this book. A review of existing classifications has been summarized. Although there is a lack of consensus on pathognomic features for diagnosis of VRF the various clinical radiographic and diagnositic findings pertaining to this enigmatic disease occurrence has been complied systematically. Future considerations of automation and enhanced processing of clinical and investigative features through involvement of artificial intelligence technology has also been discussed - with potential for improving every aspect of manegement of VRF  viz. from early diagnosis upto determining prognosis of each case. Finally measures that clinicians should keep in mind while providing treatment such that probability of iatrogenically induced VRFs be minimized has been described.