What Is Art?

What Is Art? by Leo Tolstoy first published in 1897 is a profound philosophical inquiry into the nature purpose and value of art. In this influential essay Tolstoy critiques the art of his time and presents a radical view on what art should be arguing that its true purpose lies not in aesthetic pleasure or intellectual complexity but in its power to communicate universal human emotions and promote moral and spiritual growth. Tolstoy begins by challenging the prevailing notion of art as a means of personal expression or intellectual stimulation for the elite. He criticizes much of the art of the 19th century including works by celebrated artists for being disconnected from the experiences of ordinary people and for serving the tastes of the rich and powerful. Instead he advocates for art that speaks to all people transcending social classes and intellectual barriers to foster a sense of shared humanity. At the heart of Tolstoy''s argument is the belief that true art should be simple sincere and accessible capable of inspiring empathy compassion and a sense of collective responsibility. Art according to Tolstoy should convey moral truths that uplift and unite humanity encouraging individuals to strive for goodness and spiritual enlightenment. He emphasizes that the most effective art is that which evokes emotions and feelings that are deeply universal such as love suffering and joy and that can inspire action towards creating a better world.